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@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
Introduction Introduction
============ ============
This document describes how to setup and run systems and service operations for a small to midsized This document describes how to setup and run systems and service operations for a small to mid-sized
systems collection while maintaining scalability, security and auditability for changes. systems collection while maintaining scalability, security and auditability for changes.
The process described below is based on opensource components and assumes a Linux-based hosting The process described below is based on open source components and assumes a Linux-based hosting
infrastructure. These limitations could easily be removed though. This document describes the infrastructure. These limitations could easily be removed though. This document describes the
multiverse template for combining cosmos and puppet. multiverse template for combining cosmos and puppet.
@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ Design Requirements
=================== ===================
The cosmos system has been used to operate security-critical infrastructure for a few years before The cosmos system has been used to operate security-critical infrastructure for a few years before
it was combined with puppet into the multiverse template. it was combined with puppet into the multiverse template.
Several of the design requirements below are fulfilled by comos alone, while some (eg consistency) Several of the design requirements below are fulfilled by cosmos alone, while some (eg consistency)
are easier to achieve using puppet than with cosmos alone. are easier to achieve using puppet than with cosmos alone.
Consistency Consistency
----------- -----------
Changes should be applied atomically (locally on each host) across multiple system components on multiple Changes should be applied atomically (locally on each host) across multiple system components on multiple
physical and logical hosts (aka system state). The change mechanism should permit verification of state physical and logical hosts (aka system state). The change mechanism should permit verification of state
consistency and all modifications should be idempotents, i.e the same operation consistency and all modifications should be idempotents, i.e the same operation
performend twice on the same system state should not in itself cause a problem. performed twice on the same system state should not in itself cause a problem.
Auditability Auditability
------------ ------------
@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ Authenticity
------------ ------------
All changes must be authenticated by private keys in the personal possession of privileged All changes must be authenticated by private keys in the personal possession of privileged
system operators before applied to system state aswell as at any point in the future. system operators before applied to system state as well as at any point in the future.
Simplicity Simplicity
---------- ----------
The system must be simple and must not rely on external services to be online to maintain The system must be simple and must not rely on external services to be online to maintain
state except when new state is being requested and applied. When new state is being requested state except when new state is being requested and applied. When new state is being requested
external dependencies must be kept to a minimum. external dependencies must be kept to a minimum.
@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ Architecture
============ ============
The basic architecture of puppet is to use a VCS (git) to manage and distribute changes to a The basic architecture of puppet is to use a VCS (git) to manage and distribute changes to a
staging area on each managed host. At the staging area the changes are authenticated (using staging area on each managed host. At the staging area the changes are authenticated (using
tag signatures) and if valid, distributed to the host using local rsync. Before and after tag signatures) and if valid, distributed to the host using local rsync. Before and after
hooks (using run-parts) are used to provide programmatic hooks. hooks (using run-parts) are used to provide programmatic hooks.
Administrative Scope Administrative Scope
@ -62,15 +62,15 @@ Administrative Scope
The repository constitutes the administrative domain of a multiverse setup: each host is The repository constitutes the administrative domain of a multiverse setup: each host is
connected to (i.e runs cosmos off of) a single GIT repository and derives trust from signed connected to (i.e runs cosmos off of) a single GIT repository and derives trust from signed
tags on that repository. A host cannot belong to more than 1 administratve domain but each tags on that repository. A host cannot belong to more than 1 administrative domain but each
administrative domains can host multiple DNS domains - all hosts in a single repository administrative domains can host multiple DNS domains - all hosts in a single repository
doesn't need to be in the same zone. doesn't need to be in the same zone.
The role of Puppet The role of Puppet
------------------ ------------------
In the multiverse template, the cosmos system is used to authenticate and distribute changes In the multiverse template, the cosmos system is used to authenticate and distribute changes
and prepare the system state for running puppet. Puppet is used to apply idempotent changes and prepare the system state for running puppet. Puppet is used to apply idempotent changes
to the system state using "puppet apply". to the system state using "puppet apply".
~~~~~ {.ditaa .no-separation} ~~~~~ {.ditaa .no-separation}
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ to the system state using "puppet apply".
+------------+ +------+ | +------------+ +------+ |
^ | ^ |
| | | |
(change) (manifests) (change) (manifests)
| | | |
+--------+ | +--------+ |
| puppet |<---+ | puppet |<---+
@ -87,44 +87,44 @@ to the system state using "puppet apply".
~~~~~ ~~~~~
Note that there is no puppet master in this setup so collective resources cannot be used Note that there is no puppet master in this setup so collective resources cannot be used
in multiverse. Instead 'fabric' is used to provide a simple way to loop over subsets of in multiverse. Instead 'fabric' is used to provide a simple way to loop over subsets of
the hosts in a managed domain. the hosts in a managed domain.
Private data (eg system credentials, application passwords, or private keys) are encrypted Private data (eg system credentials, application passwords, or private keys) are encrypted
to a master host-specific PGP key before stored in the cosmos repo. to a master host-specific PGP key before stored in the cosmos repo.
System state can be tied to classes used to classify systems into roles (eg "database server" System state can be tied to classes used to classify systems into roles (eg "database server"
or "webserver"). System classes can be assigned by regular expressions on the fqdn (eg all or "webserver"). System classes can be assigned by regular expressions on the fqdn (eg all
hosts named db-\* is assigned to the "database server" class) using a custom puppet ENC. hosts named db-\* is assigned to the "database server" class) using a custom puppet ENC.
The system classes are also made available to 'fabric' in a custom fabfile. Fabric (or fab) The system classes are also made available to 'fabric' in a custom fabfile. Fabric (or fab)
is a simple frontend to ssh that allows an operator to run commands on multiple remote is a simple frontend to ssh that allows an operator to run commands on multiple remote
hosts at once. hosts at once.
Trust Trust
----- -----
All data in the system is maintained in a cosmos GIT repository. A change is All data in the system is maintained in a cosmos GIT repository. A change is
requested by signing a tag in the repository with a system-wide well-known name-prefix. requested by signing a tag in the repository with a system-wide well-known name-prefix.
The tag name typically includes the date and a counter to make it unique. The tag name typically includes the date and a counter to make it unique.
The signature on the tag is authenticated against a set of trusted keys maintained in the The signature on the tag is authenticated against a set of trusted keys maintained in the
repository itself - so that one trusted system operator must be present to authenticate addition or repository itself - so that one trusted system operator must be present to authenticate addition or
removal of another trusted system operator. This authentication of tags is done in addition removal of another trusted system operator. This authentication of tags is done in addition
to authenticating access to the GIT repository when the changes are pushed. Trust is typically to authenticating access to the GIT repository when the changes are pushed. Trust is typically
bootstrapped when a repository is first established. This model also serves to provide auditability bootstrapped when a repository is first established. This model also serves to provide auditability
of all changes for as long as repository history is retained. of all changes for as long as repository history is retained.
Access to hosts is done through ssh with ssh-key access. The ssh keys are typically maintained Access to hosts is done through ssh with ssh-key access. The ssh keys are typically maintained
using either puppet or cosmos natively. using either puppet or cosmos natively.
Consistency Consistency
----------- -----------
As a master-less architecture, multiverse relies on _eventual consistency_: changes will eventually As a master-less architecture, multiverse relies on _eventual consistency_: changes will eventually
be applied to all hosts. In such a model it becomes very imporant that changes are idempotent, so be applied to all hosts. In such a model it becomes very important that changes are idempotent, so
that applying a change multiple times (in an effort to get dependent changes through) won't cause that applying a change multiple times (in an effort to get dependent changes through) won't cause
an issue. Using native cosmos, such changes are achived using timestamp-files that control entry an issue. Using native cosmos, such changes are archived using timestamp-files that control entry
into code-blocks: into code-blocks:
``` ```
@ -136,20 +136,20 @@ fi
``` ```
This pattern is mostly replaced in multiverse by using puppet manifests and modules that This pattern is mostly replaced in multiverse by using puppet manifests and modules that
are inherently indempotent but it can nevertheless be a useful addition to the toolchain. are inherently idempotent but it can nevertheless be a useful addition to the toolchain.
Implementation Implementation
============== ==============
Implementation is based on two major components: cosmos and puppet. The cosmos system was Implementation is based on two major components: cosmos and puppet. The cosmos system was
created by Simon Josefsson and Fredrik Thulin as a simple and secure way to distribute files created by Simon Josefsson and Fredrik Thulin as a simple and secure way to distribute files
and run pre- and post-processors (using run-parts). This allows for a simple, yet complete and run pre- and post-processors (using run-parts). This allows for a simple, yet complete
mechanism for updating system state. mechanism for updating system state.
The second component is puppet which is run in masterless (aka puppet apply) mode on files The second component is puppet which is run in masterless (aka puppet apply) mode on files
distributed and authenticated using cosmos. Puppet is a widely deployed way to describe distributed and authenticated using cosmos. Puppet is a widely deployed way to describe
system state using a set of idempotent operations. In theory, anything that can de done system state using a set of idempotent operations. In theory, anything that can de done
using puppet can be done using cosmos post-processors but puppet allows for greater using puppet can be done using cosmos post-processors but puppet allows for greater
abstraction which greatly increases readability. abstraction which greatly increases readability.
The combination of puppet and cosmos is maintained on github in the 'SUNET/multiverse' The combination of puppet and cosmos is maintained on github in the 'SUNET/multiverse'
@ -177,14 +177,14 @@ this is in the 'git-core' package:
# apt-get install git-core # apt-get install git-core
``` ```
Also install 'fabric' - a very useful too for multiple-host-ssh that is integrated into Also install 'fabric' - a very useful too for multiple-host-ssh that is integrated into
multiverse. Fabric provides the 'fab' command which will be introduced later on. multiverse. Fabric provides the 'fab' command which will be introduced later on.
``` ```
# apt-get install fabric # apt-get install fabric
``` ```
These two tools (git & fabric) are only needed on mashines where system operators work. These two tools (git & fabric) are only needed on machines where system operators work.
Next clone git@github.com:SUNET/multiverse.git - this will form the basis of your cosmos+puppet Next clone git@github.com:SUNET/multiverse.git - this will form the basis of your cosmos+puppet
repository: repository:
@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ features as the multiverse codebase evolves.
# git remote rename origin multiverse # git remote rename origin multiverse
``` ```
Now add a new remote pointing to the git repo where you are going to be pushing Now add a new remote pointing to the git repo where you are going to be pushing
changes for your administrative domain. Also add a read-only version of this remote changes for your administrative domain. Also add a read-only version of this remote
as 'ro'. The read-only remote is used by multiverse scripts during host bootstrap. as 'ro'. The read-only remote is used by multiverse scripts during host bootstrap.
``` ```
@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ Finally create a branch for the 'multiverse' upstream so you can merge changes t
``` ```
Note that you can maintain your repo on just about any git hosting platform, including Note that you can maintain your repo on just about any git hosting platform, including
github, gitorius or your own local setup as long as it supports read-only access to your github, gitorious or your own local setup as long as it supports read-only access to your
repository. It is important that the remotes called 'origin' and 'ro' refer to your repository. It is important that the remotes called 'origin' and 'ro' refer to your
repository and not to anything else (like a private version of multiverse). repository and not to anything else (like a private version of multiverse).
@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ ssh as root. This requires that root key trust be established in advance. The ad
command creates and commits the necessary changes to the repository to add a host named command creates and commits the necessary changes to the repository to add a host named
$fqdn. Only fully qualified hostnames should ever be used in cosmos+puppet. $fqdn. Only fully qualified hostnames should ever be used in cosmos+puppet.
The boostrap process will create a cron-job on $fqdn that runs The bootstrap process will create a cron-job on $fqdn that runs
``` ```
# cosmos update && cosmos apply # cosmos update && cosmos apply
@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ To bootstrap a machine that is not yet configured in DNS, use the following opti
Defining naming rules Defining naming rules
--------------------- ---------------------
A naming rule is a mapping from a name to a set of puppet classes. These are defined in A naming rule is a mapping from a name to a set of puppet classes. These are defined in
the file 'global/overlay/etc/puppet/cosmos-rules.yaml' (linked to the toplevel directory the file 'global/overlay/etc/puppet/cosmos-rules.yaml' (linked to the top level directory
in multiverse). This is a YAML format file whose keys are regular expressions and whose in multiverse). This is a YAML format file whose keys are regular expressions and whose
values are lists of puppet class definitions. Here is an example that assigns all hosts values are lists of puppet class definitions. Here is an example that assigns all hosts
with names on the form ns\<number\>.example.com to the 'nameserver' class. with names on the form ns\<number\>.example.com to the 'nameserver' class.
@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ with names on the form ns\<number\>.example.com to the 'nameserver' class.
nameserver: nameserver:
``` ```
Note that the value is a hash with an empty value ('namserver:') and not just a string Note that the value is a hash with an empty value ('nameserver:') and not just a string
value. value.
Since regular expressions can also match on whole strings so the following is also Since regular expressions can also match on whole strings so the following is also
@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ smtp.example.com:
relay: smtp.upstream.example.com relay: smtp.upstream.example.com
``` ```
In this example the mailserver puppet class is given the relay argument (cf puppet In this example the mailserver puppet class is given the relay argument (cf puppet
documentation). documentation).
Fabric integration Fabric integration
@ -323,11 +323,11 @@ Given the above example the following command would reload all nameservers:
Creating a change-request Creating a change-request
------------------------- -------------------------
After performing whatever changes you want to the reqpository, commit the changes as usual After performing whatever changes you want to the repository, commit the changes as usual
and then sign an appropriately formatted tag. This last operation is wrapped in the 'bump-tag' command: and then sign an appropriately formatted tag. This last operation is wrapped in the 'bump-tag' command:
``` ```
# git commit -m "some changes" global/overlay/somethig or/other/files # git commit -m "some changes" global/overlay/something or/other/files
# ./bump-tag # ./bump-tag
``` ```
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ gpg commands to create, sign and push the correct tag.
Puppet modules Puppet modules
-------------- --------------
Puppet modules can be maintained using a designated cosmos pre-task that reads a file Puppet modules can be maintained using a designated cosmos pre-task that reads a file
global/overlay/etc/puppet/cosmos-modules.conf. This file is a simple text-format file global/overlay/etc/puppet/cosmos-modules.conf. This file is a simple text-format file
with 3 columns: with 3 columns:
@ -357,17 +357,17 @@ python https://github.com/SUNET/puppet-python.git yes
hiera-gpg https://github.com/SUNET/hiera-gpg.git no hiera-gpg https://github.com/SUNET/hiera-gpg.git no
``` ```
This is an example file - the first field is the name of the module, the second is This is an example file - the first field is the name of the module, the second is
the source: either a puppetlabs path or a git URL. The final field is 'yes' if the the source: either a puppetlabs path or a git URL. The final field is 'yes' if the
module should be automatically updated or 'no' if it should only be installed. As usual module should be automatically updated or 'no' if it should only be installed. As usual
lines beginning with '#' are silently ignored. lines beginning with '#' are silently ignored.
This file is processed in a cosmos pre-hook so the modules should be available for This file is processed in a cosmos pre-hook so the modules should be available for
use in the puppet post-hook. By default the file contains several lines that are use in the puppet post-hook. By default the file contains several lines that are
commented out so review this file as you start a new multiverse setup. commented out so review this file as you start a new multiverse setup.
In order to add a new module, the best way is to commit a change to this file and In order to add a new module, the best way is to commit a change to this file and
tag this change, allowing time for the module to get installed everywhere before tag this change, allowing time for the module to get installed everywhere before
adding a change that relies on this module. adding a change that relies on this module.
HOWTO and Common Tasks HOWTO and Common Tasks
@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ Adding a new operator
Add the ascii-armoured key in a file in `global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys` with a `.pub` extension Add the ascii-armoured key in a file in `global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys` with a `.pub` extension
``` ```
# git add global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys/thenewoperator.pub # git add global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys/thenewoperator.pub
# git commit -m "the new operator" \ # git commit -m "the new operator" \
global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys/thenewoperator.pub global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys/thenewoperator.pub
# ./bump-tag # ./bump-tag
@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ Add the ascii-armoured key in a file in `global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys` with a
Removing an operator Removing an operator
-------------------- --------------------
Identitfy the public key file in `global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys` Identify the public key file in `global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys`
``` ```
# git rm global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys/X.pub # git rm global/overlay/etc/cosmos/keys/X.pub
@ -465,4 +465,3 @@ On all hosts:
``` ```
# fab -- reboot # danger Will Robinsson! # fab -- reboot # danger Will Robinsson!
``` ```